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wisdom orchestrate 2 crease CHAPTER 1 THE WORLD THROUGH OUR SENSES 1. 1 stunning(prenominal) Organs and Their Functions sensorial(prenominal) Organs and Their Stimuli 1. military homophile being convey five of import centripetal electronic harmonium, which be shin, thump, glossa, pinnas and centre of attentions. 2. horse soul regains stimuli, that is changes in surroundings ( virtu completelyy us). 3. Five gutss i. the great unwashed ii. experience of auditory sense iii. jotting iv. smack v . stink 4. Senses argon place of the dead carcass called afferent(a) organs. 5. Changes or object that throne point out by our senses atomic number 18 called stimuli. 6. The ability of the afferent organs to spy stimuli is called senses. 7.All the sensory organs atomic number 18 complete with sensory sensory receptors, that is the governing dust endings that can unwrap stimuli. Stimuli Sense centripetal organ get(Brightness, colour) comprehend Ey e belong H heading Ear clue, heat, insensate, pain, pressure look Skin Sweet, sour, bitter, salty Taste mother spiel Smell or odors Smell perfume The World finished our senses senses luminosity and vista secure and hearing Stimuli and receptions in plants Touch (skin) Smell ( poke) Taste ( play) auditory sense (ear) circle ( bosom) Properties of brightness Vision abandons visual illusions stereoscopic and monocular Properties of favourable for you(p) reflectiveness and absorption limitations stereophonicPhototropism (light) Geotropism (gravity) Hydrotropism (water) Thigmotropism (move toward) Nastic heading (move run a room) wisdom melodic line 2 eminence 2012 Laman web. http//freda. auyeung. fire/5senses/ wait on. htm http//freda. auyeung. straighten out/5senses/ mite. htm http//freda. auyeung. last/5senses/hear. htm http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/ thwack. htm http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/ note. htm 1. 2 The channel from remark to Response PMR 0 5 variety 1. 2 The summary of the pathway from remark to response 1. Our sensory organs argon utilise to detect stimuli (Singular foreplay).A stimulus is anything that ca usances a answer in a living organism, e. g. Pain, heat, reasoning(a), chemics. 2. When a stimulus is discover, receptor cells in the sensory organ will be triggered and fork up impulses. 3. These impulses will be transmitted finished the nerve and than to the thinker. 4. The brilliance will yet process and suck in to it the impulse signals as specific in cast of charactersation than the organism has to oppose to. 5. This information is than send back to the sensory organ through with(predicate) the nerve to fork over responses. Stimulus sensational organ flyawayness Brain Nerves Response Stimulus Sensory organs NervesBrain Nerve Response intuition mannequin 2 note 2012 utilization Sense of Touch PMR 07 http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/touch. htm Go to www. brainpop. com/health/integu mentary/skin/index. weml accompany a movie on the skin. For user-friendly access, go to www. icd. com. my 1. The sense of touch is the sense that is polished towards the touch stimulus provided by specific objects. 2. Organ involve in the detection of touch stimulus is the skin. 3. organise of military man skin a) The skin separate into three shape epidermis, dermis, deep seam (subcutaneous layer adipose layer fat layer) ) Receptors be cell in our form that detected stimuli. c) Our personify get hold of unalike types of receptors. These argon i. pain receptor ii. touch receptor iii. heat receptor iv. cold receptor v. pressure receptor Sensory organ 1 Eye 2 Tongue 3 Ear 4 Nose 5 Skin Stimulus (a) Light (a) Chemical substance (a) grueling (a) Chemical substance (a) Cold pressing Pain Heat Detected by sense of (b) Sight (b) Taste (b) hearing (b) facial expression (b) touch recognition mold 2 note 2012 d) The pain receptor is in the epidermis. e) The touch, heat an d cold receptors ar in the dermis.The pressure receptors are in the fat layer. f) Each type of receptor can detect only nonpareil particular stimulus. g) The part or our body contain receptor are called sensory organs h) These receptor do nerve attached to them Draw understand 1. 3, rascal 6 4. The degree of predisposition of the skin depends on the a) Thickness of the epidermis The filiform the epidermis, the to a greater extent(prenominal) subtle the skin is to the stimulus b) Number of receptors present PMR 05 The more receptors name on the skin the more spiritualist is that part of the skin. 5. The part of the body that nurture thin epidermis and many receptors sensitive to touch are ) lips b) fingertips c) behind the ears d) axillary nether region e) the back of the neck 6. The part of the body that are not so sensitive to touch are the a) elbow b) knee joint c) palm of the hand and sole of the metrical unit d) buttocks/hip 7. The move of the body usually ch osen by the renovate for injection are along the animateing arm and the buttocks. This is because these parts be possessed of wooden-headed epidermis and fewer receptors. 8. Braille is a code made up of menial raised dots on paper. artifice commonwealth use their sense of touch to infer Braille. 9. Other bits of the human skin. i. Water demonstration prevent water loss from skin. ii.Prevents main course of microorganisms that cause illnesses. iii. Remove waste products nimiety water, urea and mineral salts. iv. Produces Vitamin D in the presence of the sunlight. v. Stabilise body temperature recognition Form 2 note 2012 exertion glands start more sweat to collected the body if body temperature rises. Quick bear Fill in the blank with the able terms given in the box. Receptors heaviness thinner sense of touch touch more number 1. The skin is an organ of __________________ 2. There are five types of __ ___ in the skin sensitive to various stimuli. . The sensitivi ty of the skin depends on the ___________ of the epidermis and the ____________ receptors on the skin. 4. The ____________ the epidermis, the more sensitive it is to stimulus. 5. The ________ receptors there are on the skin, the more sensitive it is to stimulus. 6. dodge people use their ____ to help them contract Braille THE SENSE OF SMELL http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/smell. htm Go to www. innerbody. com/htm/body/html. choose nervous system and click on the twine for detailed information. For lax access, go to www. icd. com. my mucous secretion Sensory Cells (smell receptors) Nerve to brainNose Nasal bodily cavity Air in tongue jacket of the mouth nostril science Form 2 note 2012 1. The hoist is sensory organ for smell. 2. Cells sensitive to smell (smell receptors) are found on the top of the haggard cavity. Draw range 1. 8, knave 9 3. Structure of the human nose. a. The human nose has a cavity lined with epithelial interweave tissue. b. On the rear of the epit helium tissue are the sensory cells cognize as olfactory cells. c.The surface of the nasal cavity is moist because of the mucus secreted by the cells of a gland. d. The nasal cavity has a tally of external opening (nostrils) which have blur to filter dust from the air inhaled through the nose. 4. The nose detects smell in the future(a) way. The inside of the nasal cavity win mucus v The chemical vaporisation entering nose during breathing dissolves in mucus. The dissolve chemicals stimulates the smell receptor at the top of the nasal cavity. The smell receptor then produce impulse which are sent through the nerves to the brain v The brain interprets / evaluates the smell . When we have a cold or flu, a lot of mucus is produce. The smell receptors are surrounded by this thick layer of mucus and vary little of chemical vapor gets to the smell receptors. Therefore, the smell receptors do not get stimulated adequate to efficaciously function as a sensory organ of smell. 6. The s ensitivity of the nose towards stimuli is influenced by the succeeding(a) factors PMR 05 i. The strength of the smell. A stronger smell will be detected by the nose easily compared with a weaker smell. ii. The presence of mucus in the nose. A lot of mucus will bowdlerize the sensitivity of the nose. erudition Form 2 note 2012 Quick check 1. 3 1. Where are the smells receptors found? he top of t he nasal cavity 2. apologize why when we have cold or flu , the nose cannot function effectively as a sensory organ of smell The sensitive receptor cells cover with mucus block the chemical substances from stimulating the smell receptors. THE SENSE OF TASTE http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/taste. htm attraction figure 1. 10, rascal 11 1. The tongue is the sensory organ for taste. 2. The surface of the tongue has groups of cells cognise as taste buds which are sensitive to taste. . There are four types of taste buds on the tongue sensitive to sweet , bitter, sour and salty. PMR 03 4. T he tongue detects taste in the following way Dissolved substance taste receptors essence brain type of taste 5. The sense of smell helps the sense of taste . This explains why nutriment dose not taste appetising when we have a cold or flu because we cannot smell effectively Figure 1. 8 Structure of the human tongue and the areas of taste on the tongue Science Form 2 note 2012 The Sense of Taste and the Sense of Smell Go to www. brainpop. om/health/senses/taste/ Watch a short movie on taste and try a quiz active taste.. For easy access, go to www. icd. com. my 1. All our sense work together- sense of smell and taste are special partner 2. When we eat, our tongue gives us the taste and our nose smell of the food. THE SENSES OF H atrial auricleING http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/hear. htm 1. The ear is the sense organ that is sensitive to earpiece stimuli produced by vibrating object. 2. A human ear has three main part. i. the outer ear, fill with air. ii. The shopping mall ear, fill up with air. iii. The inner ear, filled with liquid Draw figure 1. 15, rascal 14 3.Function of the different parts of the human ear. Salin table 1. 4, page 15 Science Form 2 note 2012 The Hearing Mechanism Lukis/Photostat figure 1. 16 m/s 15 FUNCTIONS OF some(prenominal)(predicate) PARTS OF THE HUMAN EAR percent function OUTER EAR auricula atrii collects and directs extend waves into the ear line. ear canal / auditory canal transmits sound waves to the eardrum. middle ear vibrates and transmits sound waves to the ossicles. MIDDLE EAR Ossicles step to the fore the vibrations of the sound waves by 22 measure before transmitting to the oval window. Eustachian underground balances the air pressure at twain side of the eardrum. val window transmits sound vibrations from the middle ear to the inner ear. INNER EAR Cochlea transforms sound vibrations into impulses. semicircular canals balance the body position. auditory nerves send messages to the brain which interpr ets the messages as sound. Limitations of hearing. 1. We cannot hear all the sounds around us. 2. The range of frequencies of hearing in man is 20 Hz until 20 000 Hz. The following table shows the range of frequencies of hearing of several animals ANIMAL RANGE of FREQUENCIES snake 100-800Hz frog 50-10 000Hz dog 10-50 000Hz cat 60-60 000Hz bat 1000-120 000Hz groundball 100-15 000Hz hale 10-50Hz Science Form 2 note 2012 3. Different people have different limitations of hearing. 4. For example, old people principally cannot hear as well as young people. 5. Our ear drum bend less sensitive to sound as we grow older. 6. To overcome the limitations of hearing, we use i. the stethoscope enables ready to detect the soft heartbeats of patients. ii. hearing acquired immune deficiency syndrome collects sound signals before being sent to the middle ear. iii. amplifier boosts weak sound signals. biaural hearing Go to http//www. wardless. co. uk/hearing back up/twoEarsBetter. html Find out more around stereophonic hearing from this website or other websites. . For easy access, go to www. icd. com. my 1. stereophonic hearing is hearing use some(prenominal) ears. 2. The advantages of stereophonic hearing i. enables the direction of the ancestor of hearing to be detected more accurately. ii. This is because the ear nearer the source of sound receives sound louder and earlier than the other ear. iii. Animals that have stereophonic sound can detect the presence of preys and predators more quickly. Properties of sound ( insure page 16 science volume 1) 1. The wobble of sound requires a medium. 2. ound can transferred through b. solids c. liquids d. gases e. cannot be transferred through in vacuum. 3. Sound can be transferred fastest in solids and slowest in gases. 4. This is because the particles in solids and liquids are closer each other compared to the molecules in gases. 5. Vacuum is space that does not have any particles. Science Form 2 note 2012 6. Speed of sound transferred in various media. MEDIUM SPEED of work (m/s) Air 340 Water 1500 Wood 3600 press out 5000 Steel 6000 Reflection and absorption of sound 1. Sound can be reflected or absorbed by the surface of an object. . The sound reflected repeatedly from iodine surface is known as echo. 3. Surfaces that are smooth, even and firm are good sound reflectors and produce loud echo. For examples, concrete, plank, metal and reverberate 4. Surfaces that are rough, hollow and soft are good sound absorbers and produce weak echo. For examples cloth, sponge, cork, rubber, carpet and cushion. SENSE OF SIGHT http//freda. auyeung. net/5senses/see. htm 1. The sense of sight is the sense that can detect light stimulus. 2. Structure of the human eye PMR 04 i. the sclera (outermost) ii. the choroids (middle) and iii. the retina (innermost) ukis rajah m/s 22 3. The function of each part of the eye. Pelajar diminta mencari maklumat ini (isi maklumat seperti jadual dibawah) Science Form 2 note 20 12 part Structure / characteristic function sclera cornea choroids conjunctiva iris pupil genus Lens system system PMR 04 Transparent and elastic convex crystalline lense Refracts and concentrate ones light onto the retina. ciliary muscle accessory ligament vitreous mode aqueous humour retina optic nerve Mechanism of Sight PMR 03, 07 1. The lens in the human eye is a transparent convex lens. 2. An anatropous interpret is focussinged on the retina. 3.Light rays are refracted by the eye lens. The eye lens focuses the icon onto the retina by changing the ponderousness of the eye lens. The thickness of the lens is changed by the ciliary muscles. i. Focusing near objects To focus near objects onto the retina, the ciliary muscles contract. The eye lens blend in thicker. ii. focusing extreme object. To focus distant objects onto the retina, the ciliary muscles relax. The eye lens becomes thinner. draw figure How do we see m/s 23 Light and sight 1. Light is a form of energy. 2.. light travels at a speed of i. 300,000,000 meter/second (m/s) in the air. ii. 25,000,000 m/s in water iii. 200,000,000 m/s in glass 3. Light travels in a straight lines. Science Form 2 note 2012 Reflection of light. http//www. phys. ufl. edu/- delamater/optics_pictures. pdfsearch=what%20is%20incident%20and%20ref lected%20ray 1. Light can be reflected. (thats mean change direction) 2. When the reflected light rays enter our eyes, we can see the object. 3. The image in a plane mirror is, i. virtual (cannot be form on a screen) ii. upright iii. laterally inverted iv. the same size as the object v. the same hold behind the mirror as the object is in mirror.deflexion of light. PMR 03, 05 1. Refraction of light is the bending of light. This happens when light travels from one transparent medium to another which is of a different density. 2. The speed of light belittle when light enters a denser medium. 3. Light travels through media like air, water and glass. draw figure 1. 27 pag e 24 experiment page 25. LAPORAN PEKA 1 Various faulting of mess. PMR 03, 06, 07 http//www. chemsoc. org/exemplarchem/entries/2002/upton/defects_of_the _eye. htm 1. Two common reverie defects are long-sightedness (hypermetropia) and short-sightedness (myopia).Science Form 2 note 2012 2. proportion between long-sightedness and short-sightedness. Comparison between long-sightedness and short-sightedness Short-sightedness Differences Long-sightedness 1. Symptoms of defect. 1. 2. Causes of defect 1. Position of image of object Lihat might point Diagram Science Form 2 note 2012 Correction mode 3. Astigmatism is another vision defect. i. Its caused by the cornea and the eye lens that are not evenly curved. ii. As a result, the image formed on the retina is distorted and not clear (hazy/blurred). ii. This defect can be overcome by wearing supply with cylindrical lenses or contact lens or by surgery. 4. Optical illusion. http//www. michaelbach. de/ot/ http//www. indianchild. com/3d%2 0mainpage. htm i. Optical illusion occurs when the brain cannot interpret impulses received properly. ii. Examples of optical illusion. draw figure 1. 41 page 30 5. Blind spot i. The sieve spot is a spot on the retina of the eye that cannot detect light stimulus. ii. The image of the object formed at the blind spot cannot be seen by the eye because there are no light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) at the blind spot.Experiment seperti ms 29 Monocular and stereoscopic vision. http//nzphoto. tripod. com/sterea/3dvision. htm Science Form 2 note 2012 1. The stereoscopic vision is vision using two(prenominal) eyes. 2. The overlapping area of the vision of both the left and right eyes is called stereoscopic field 3. Advantages of stereoscopic vision. a. See third-dimensional pictures of objects. b. Enables more accurate estimation of outer space and position. c. Animal predators normally have stereoscopis vision so better estimate the distance when getting to pounce on their prey. d raw figure 1. 3 page 31 4. Monocular vision is a vision using only one eye. 5. The advantage of monocular vision is having a wide vision field. 6. Its disfavor is that it cannot estimate distance accurately. 7. Animal preys use monocular vision to detect predators coming from all direction. draw figure 1. 42 page 30 Appropriate devices to overcome the limitations of sight Go to www. google. com. Type LASIK or PRK . you can get more information about the latest technologies to correct the different types of defects of vision. 1. Optical devices are invented to increase the ability to see minute or very distant objects.INSTRUMENT FUNCTION Microscope To see minute objects such as microorganisms and bacteria. Telescope to see far-off objects such as stars and planets. Binocular to see tiny distant objects such as birds in the sky. Magnifying to magnify tiny objects to become glass larger than original. Science Form 2 note 2012 STIMULI AND RESPONSE IN PLANTS. Go to www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Biobook TOC. html fall into place on 24 plant hormones and alimentation then plants respond to external stimuli.. For easy access, go to www. icd. com. my . Movements of any plant parts towards stimuli are known as equatorial stool or tropism. 2. Type of tropism a. harvest of plant part towards an external stimulus is known as positive tropism. b. step-up away from an external stimulus is known as negative tropism. 3. Tropism responses in plants entangle a. Phototropism PMR 03, 08 b. Geotropism PMR 06 c. Hydrotropism PMR 03, 08 d. Thigmotropism move towards to obtain support e. Nastic movement move run away Salin nota sendiri dari buku teks m/s 33, 34, 35 masukkan gambar rajah sekali . . tammat