Annual Budget Model Essay -- Business, Traditional Budgeting Model

IntroductionBudgeting is a process in which every solid has to be involved with not only the board of director (Principle) who authorize the budget but also management team (Agent) who use it as well. In other words, budgeting need communication with every level of employee in the company in order to construct the goal or strategy of the company. Moreover, budgets be an pawn of power as well as being a reflection of power (Ashton et. al., 1995, p.289). Budgets that are not based on well-understood activities and costs are pathetic indicators of performance (Drury, 2005). Nowadays, at the time of information and technology the conventional budgeting is not good enough for withstand the rivalry in the global market. As promise and Fraser, 2000 cited from Young, 2006 say the traditional performance management object lesson cannot reflect todays discontinuous change economy, which is why they point that annual budget model may be seen as having a number of intrinsic impuissancees an d acting as a barrier to the effective implementation of alternative models for utilize in the success of strategic change. Therefore, I separate my essay into two parts. First, indicate and criticize on five inbred weaknesses of annual budget model. Second, explain ship canal in which the conventional budgeting process may be seen as an obstacle to accomplishment of the aims of Benchmarking, Balanced scorecard, and Activity-based models for the fulfillment of strategic change. Discuss on inherent weakness of annual budget modelThere are many weaknesses of traditional budgeting model and it has been the matter of considerable caviling. From recently research by Libby and Linsay, 2010 cited from Hansen et. al., 2003 encapsulated several discussions of budgets an... ...vities are prepared on an incremental basis or called incremental budgeting. This means that running operations and the current budgeted allowance for existing activities are taken as the starting point for preparing t he next annual budget. The base is then adjusting for changes such as changes in product mix, volumes, and price that are expected to occur during the bare-assed budget period. For example, the allowance for budgeted expenses may be based on the previous budgeted allowance plus an increase to cover higher prices caused by inflationThe study disadvantage of incremental approach is that the majority of expenditure, which is associated with the base level of activity, remains unchanged. Therefore, the costs of non-unit level activities become fixed and past inefficiencies and waste inherent in the current way of doing things is perpetuated (Drury, 2005).

Mother Teresa :: essays research papers

Matt Miller 3-15-00Mr. ThorpMoralityPer. AM new(prenominal) TeresaMother Teresa was a powerful fair sex with her missions and countless acts of mercy. Powerful leading in our world today should learn from Mother Teresa and her countless acts of mercy, which she performed. Often men and women in powerful positions misuse their strengths scarce for their own individualal benefit. Mother Teresa is a perfect example of a modern day saint. Through her love and guidance of Jesus Christ, Mother Teresa proves to be savior. Now if you compare Mother Teresa to some of todays wealthy politics and the way they conduct themselves, you will see a great discriminate between to two. Mother Teresa does not work out of the intent to profit but instead out of her love to help others, like no other women our society has seen. Mother Teresa used her power of love from God to help those in desperate need. Mother Teresa didnt get paid for anything she did nor would she except currency from organiza tions or donations. It was not like Mother Teresa had an overwhelming amount of money but she was simply a individual who devoted her entire life to avail others and helping those in need. Many people may not have noticed it, but all Mother Teresa had to do was touch a person and that was almost enough. She helped thousands of people in poor countries with ailing diseases, but most importantly see touched the souls of common men. She made even the rich and self-seeking take a deep look into their lives, which brought out the best in e preciseone. When one person can captivate the world as she could, it makes you realize how very important she really was. It was not always what she did, but rather how she conducted herself while doing it. For all the many deeds she did, she never once asked for anything in return. Most leaders today are very selfish and are only contributing to society when they feel it looks good for their image. Leaders such as Mother Teresa should be highly res pected for their accomplishments. It is people like Mother Teresa who give us all a new meaning to life. She truly proved that one person can really make a difference in the lives of millions. Mother Teresa set examples for future generations to continue her work. This shows how much of an impact she truly had.

A Memorable Game of Cricket :: Art

A Memorable Game of CricketStatement of Intention My intended audiences for this piece of penning are teens who are interested in sports. I aim to show them that in times of need how people from all different interests come together as one to help those in need. I plan to do this with a very soft, friendly yet excited tone of writing, which I am writing a journal entry.Dear Diary,Cricket, one of the best sports any can play, where eleven fielders and two batsmen stand on a field move to show how they are better than the other. This was definitely not the case at one of the best cricket fulfilles I have ever been to. The Asian XI VS The Rest of the World XI match which was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in January 2005. This match was played for the reasons of Charity for the Boxing Day Tsunami hazard in 2004. The match was very different to a normal cricket match where racial slurs would be thrown around and people would only be supporting their own team and putting down the other. There were many genes that made this match very special and very memorable.Well excluding the first factor that made this match special that millions of dollars were being raised to go to the countries that were hit by the terrible Tsunami disaster, there were so many others. One of the things that made this match very special, which would be near the top of my list was that you got to see all your favorite superstars in the one go. You had some of crickets greats including Sachin Tendulkur, Brian Lara, Steve Waugh, Daniel Vettori and last and not least muttiah muralitharan. To see all these players, playing together in the same teams was just excellent. Talking about teams I dont conceive of there were any.Even though the players were in two different teams playing against each other the crowds didnt seem to think so. For the first time at a cricket match that I have seen people from all countries supporting not just their own country but all the others no matter whi ch side they were on. Everyone was joining into the chants no matter which country they were from or were supporting. I being Indian was sitting in a huge root word of Indians and what really got my attention was that the Indians were joining the Go Aussie Go chants and the Australians were joining into the Indian chants though I doubt they new what they meant but yet still modulation along.

The Accident - Original Writing Essay -- Papers

The Accident - Original Writing I can hear the boisterous wind charging through the icy caverns of the station. My beautify, black leather shoes pad against the escalator stairs, as I rub at the chafing collar of my shirt, aware of the irritating dampness. Everything seems to be going against me. Morality has a vice-like entrap on my stiff shoulders, and it is beginning to yank me back. Gripping the cold handle of my briefcase offers some reassurance, but remembering the contents sends an ominous shiver up my spine. They did non say the first job would be so hard. The grime, embedded in the rugged tiles, adds to the dingy, depressing surroundings. A crumpled crisp packet flits across the surface, as another tube roars past. It is as if I have just entered the minotaurs den, and luckily escaped the clutches of the savage beast. I begin to walk more briskly, as an unpleasant stench wafts from the nearby toilets. Have they never heard of such a thing as d isinfectant or cleaners? Inefficiency is a chop-chop spreading disease, and it needs a cure soon. Failure to succeed, especially in my line of work, has inconceivable consequences. The relative quiet is broken by the monotonous trailer of the loudspeaker dictating various platforms, and a raucous group of youths. I glower at them as they began ridiculing a humble tramp who is coughing vigorously, blatantly distressed. My clean arrow tells me I should go and prevent this, however the objectives involved include avoiding all hu musical composition contact. The one on the left hand side, a succinct teenager with a crew cut and a hideous earring, begins making offensive gestures with his free hand, the oth... ... enveloped the tube. Muffled groans broke the silence. The sprucely dressed man with polished hair flicked on his lighter, and activated his phone beam. Beside him was a balding man, blood oozing from a deep gash in his chest. The man with the lighter sit up abruptly, a concerned look on his face. He hastily removed his jacket, and applied it to the wound, in an attempt to prevent the blood loss. The balding man grunted, croaking for assistance. A creased picture caught the eye of the suavely dressed man. It was beside the ravaged hand of the balding man. He frowned, recognising the pictures familiarity. On the back, scribbled in red writing, was the word target. in advance acting, he reached for the weighty briefcase that was crushing his foot. He began to click it open. The balding mans left eye fluttered open.

The Climax of I Want You Women Up North to Know :: Want You Women Up North to Know

Lines 85-97 of Tillie Olsens first published poem I Want You Women Up North to Know contain the climactic turning point of this poem, and the language and form reflect this change. Instead of being humble and disjointed victims who remain mostly anonymous, the workers are transformed into an angry and coordinated group of distinct individuals. This shift in mood is accomplished by three devices imagery, grouping, and capitalization of square-toed name. The imagery in this passage helps turn the smell of the poem from victimization to anger. In addition to fire images, the overall language is completely stripped down to bare ugliness. In previous lines, the sordidness has been intermixed with debonair euphemisms the agonizing work is an exquisite dance (24) the trembling hands are white gulls (22) the cough is gay (25). But in these later lines, all esthetically pleasing terms vanish, leaving sweet and blood (85), naked andbony children (89), and a skeleton body (95). Another way this passage turns the mood of the poem is by using grouping and form to link the workers together, both in inference and appearance. Previously, for each one workers situation has been treated as an detached story, literally separated from the others by a blank line. However, lines 85-97 are crowded together without spaces, suggesting unity by the very appearance of the lines. All of the grievances are before long repeated, and then a sequence of ands binds the one-sentence recaps together. Yet in spite of this sense of solidarity, each persons story is given its own sentence with a period boundary, subtly emphasizing their individual importance solidarity is acceptable, but anonymity is not. A final significant device in this passage is the use of capitalization. The proper names of the workers have been sporadically capitalized earlier in the poem, but here they are all consistent and correct. Again, this is an emphasis on individual importance, an insistence that each of the se people deserves a unique proper name. The earlier all-lowercase names like catalina rodiguez (16) actually blend into the lines of poetry, suggesting crouching and obscurity, but here the uppercase letters in their names stand out clearly from other words. Interestingly, although the personal names are capitalized, christ (96) is left in lowercase, similar to the previous treatment of god (57, 60, 62). This direct contrast with the capitalization of the worker names implies that God and Christ have failed the workers and are now overshadowed by a budding self-confidence in the workers.

Ophelias Hamlet :: essays research papers

Hamlets Ophelia     William Shakespeare has written many masterpiece plays and has told a vital degree in almost all of them. In the play Hamlet Shakespeare uses melancholy, grief, and madness to pervade the works of a great play. Throughout the play Shakespeare uses such stirred malady within Hamlet, that the audience not only sympathizes with the tragic prince Hamlet, precisely to provide the very complexities necessary in understanding the tragedy of his lady Ophelia as healthy. It is the poor Ophelia who suffers at her devotees discretion.      Hamlet provides his own self-torture and does fall victim to melancholia and grief, however his madness is feigned. Ophelia and Hamlet each share a common inter-group communication the loss of a parental figure. Hamlet loses his father as a result of a horrible murder, as does Ophelia. Her situation is more severe because it is her lover who murders her father and all of her hopes for her futu re as well. When looking at her character, one would think she was in grief but quickly turns to madness. Ophelia is made to be this fresh innocent girl but then turns crazy after her father dies and Hamlet leaves for England.      People argue that Hamlet has the first reason to be suffering by Ophelia because she follows her fathers admonitions regarding Hamlet and his true intentions for their love. Polonius tells Ophelia that Hamlet will not do anything but be fickle with the girls since he is suppose to have an arranged marriage. by and by telling Ophelia this, Polonius and Claudius try to have Ophelia become bait to find out why Hamlet us acting crazy. Hamlet begins with his overwhelming sarcasm toward Ophelia, "I humbly thank you, well, well, well," he says to her regarding her initial pleasantries (3.1.91). Before this scene, he has heard the King and Polonius establishing a plan to deduce his unusual and grief-stricken behavior. Hamlet is well aware that this plan merely uses Ophelia as a tool, and as such, she does not have much option of refusing without angering not only her busybody father but the conniving King Claudius as well. Hamlet readily refuses that he cared for her. He tells her and all of his uninvited listeners, "No, not I, I never gave you aught" (3.1.94-95).      Hamlet has a right to direct his anger to Ophelia because it was her that repelled against him. Her father forced her, and if she did try to disobey her father she could be disowned.

Why Wee Crave Horror Movie

Why we still crave in mutual exclusiveness picture when we argon shake? In Stephen Kings Article it mention three main points. The first one is showing our courage, that we atomic number 18 not afraid in horror movie. It doesnt mean that we dont scream. In contrast, we scream when the paradiddle coaster twists through a complete 360. Horror movie just like roller coaster, if it cant make us scream only means the movie is not excited enough. The second one is to ensure that we are normal. To back that although we are not as beauty as a star but we are still better than the character in the horror movieHowever, these twain reasons are not the main reason why we crave horror movie. At the beginning of the article, he said I think that were either mentally ill The test has already proven this statement at least people in this classroom are all crazy. He believes that we are mentally ill and crazy but only in different level/degree. Our insanity leads us only talk to ourselves whe n we are under filtrate or squinch our faces into horrible grimaces when we believe no one is watching.As we are all insane, we have to practice our anticivilization emotion from time to time. What is anticivilization emotion? For example the extravagance and hyper emotion when seeing others are killed or being menaced. However, in this civilized society, when we seeing someone was killed us should show our sympathy. Our teacher teaches us we should have love, loyalty, benevolence etc. when we practice this emotion we applaud. For example, if we give a kiss to our sister, the adult will praise us.In contrast if we put her finger in the door hinge, underdress would comes follow. Although we keep the anticivilization emotion from getting out, it demands a periodic exercise. Therefore we choose to watch horror movie, we can let loose to scream. We dont assume to care for the civilized emotion. We can laugh when we see someone was killed, because we know that it is only a movie, an d all people in this theater are crazy, we are just reliving our emotion. We think that practicing the anticivilization emotion can also help us to relief our stress in our daily life.As we have said to begin with horror is come from___________________ therefore these become the main component of horror movie. When we watch it we feel scare and fear, at the same time we project our air pressure and stress in it. For example when the monster is chasing the actor, we feel tension. This tension also included the anxiety we experience in the real life. ______________________________________ Watching horror movie can also fulfill our curiosity. When our society told us what should be fear or what is dangerous, we alert from these thing. However we have a desire to know more.

Coffee Shop Essay

Closing Time has the meaning set a centering in section 1. 3 perplex agent a formal written contract mingled with the city and a best-loved counsellor to undertake the operate, the preferred form of which is tie as instrument B Evaluation team means the group plant by the urban center training Meeting has the meaning set forth in section 1. 4 favorite(a) pleader(s) means the counsel(s) selected by the Evaluation squad to enter into negotiations for a Contract power means an entity that postp wizs a aim proposal means a proposal submitted in response to this RFP RFP means this Request for suggestionsServices has the meaning set out in record A Site means the place or places where the Services are to be performed and Statement of Departures means Schedule C-1 to the form of Proposal addicted as Schedule C. Instructions To indexs 2 Closing Time and Address for Proposal Delivery Proposals mustiness be received by the office of the Kam Grewal, BBA, CMA Acting P urchasing & AP carriage Address6645 148 Street Surrey, BC V3S 3C7 on or before the followers date and magazine (the Closing Time) Time 300 pm local anesthetic time discover Monday, July 5, 2010.Submissions by fax or email bequeath not be veritable. There will be no extension to the Closing Time for the entering of proposals. 3 Information Meeting An information meeting may be hosted by the urban center Representative to discuss the urban centers requirements under this RFP (the Information Meeting). While att destructionance is at the courtesy of advocates, exponents who do not attend will be deemed to pass attended the Information Meeting and to have received both of the information given at the Information Meeting. At the time of issuance of this RFP a meeting has not been scheduled. 4 Number of Copies. exponents should submit the original plus 5 hard copies (6 in total) of their Proposals. 5 Late Proposals Proposals received after the Closing Time will not be accep ted or considered. Delays ca exampled by either delivery, courier or mail service(s) will not be grounds for an extension of the Closing Time. 7 Amendments to Proposals Proposals may be revised by written amendment, delivered to the location set out above, at some(prenominal) time before the Closing Time exclusively not after. An amendment must be signed by an authorized signatory of the Proponent in the same manner as turn ind by section 2.3. Fax amendments are permitted, but such fax may show only the change to the proposal price(s) and in no event disclose the actual proposal price(s). A Proponent bears all risk that the citys fax equipment functions properly so as to facilitate timely delivery of any fax amendment. 8 Inquiries exclusively inquiries related to this RFP should be directed in writing to the person named below (the city Representative). Information obtained from any person or source oppositewise than the City Representative may not be relied upon. Kam Grewa l, BBA, CMA Acting Purchasing & AP Manager.AddressCity of Surrey Purchasing 6645 148 Street Surrey, BC V3S 3C7 Phone 604-590-7274 Fax604-599-0956 electronic mailpurchasingsurrey. ca Inquiries should be make water no later than 7 days before Closing Time. The City reserves the right not to reply to inquiries made within 7 days of the Closing Time. Inquiries and responses will be recorded and may be distributed to all Proponents at the discretion of the City. Proponents finding discrepancies or omissions in the Contract or RFP, or having doubts as to the meaning or intent of any provision, should immediately notify the City Representative.If the City determines that an amendment is involve to this RFP, the City Representative will issue an addendum in accordance with section 1. 9. No oral conversation will affect or modify the equipment casualty of this RFP or may be relied upon by any Proponent. 9 Addenda If the City determines that an amendment is required to this RFP, the Ci ty will post a written addendum on the City website at www. surrey. ca (the City Website) and upon posting will be deemed to form part of this RFP. Upon submitting a Proposal, Proponents will be deemed to have received cross out of all addenda that are posted on the City Website.10 Examination of Contract Documents and Site Proponents will be deemed to have carefully examined the RFP, including all attached Schedules, the Contract and the Site (as applicable) prior to preparing and submitting a Proposal with respect to any and all facts which may influence a Proposal. 11 initiative of Proposals The City intends to leave Proposals in private but reserves the right to open Proposals in public at its restore discretion. 12 Status Inquiries All inquiries related to the location of this RFP, including whether or not a Contract has been awarded, should be directed to the City Website and not to the City Representative.Proposal Submission FORM AND contents 2 package Proposals should be in a sealed package, marked on the outside with the Proponents name, title of the Project and reference number. 3 Form of Proposal Proponents should complete the form of Proposal attached as Schedule C, including Schedules C-1 to C-4. Proponents are encouraged to respond to the items listed in Schedules C-1 to C-4 in the order listed. Proponents are encouraged to white plague the forms provided and attach additional pages as necessary. 4 Sig constitution.The profound name of the person or firm submitting the Proposal should be inserted in Schedule C. The Proposal should be signed by a person authorized to sign on behalf of the Proponent. 1 If the Proponent is a pile then the full name of the corporation should be let ind, together with the names of authorized signatories. The Proposal should be executed by all of the authorized signatories or by one or more than of them provided that a copy of the corporate resolution authorizing those persons to execute the Proposal on beha lf of the corporation is submitted.2 If the Proponent is a cooperatorship or joint game then the name of the alliance or joint venture and the name of all(prenominal) partner or joint venturer should be included, and each partner or joint venturer should sign personally (or, if one or more person(s) have signing authority for the partnership or joint venture, the partnership or joint venture should provide evidence to the satisfaction of the City that the person(s) signing have signing authority for the partnership or joint venture).If a partner or joint venturer is a corporation then such corporation should sign as indicated in subsection (a) above. 3 If the Proponent is an individual, including a sole proprietorship, the name of the individual should be included. evaluation and Selection 2 Evaluation team The evaluation of Proposals will be undertaken on behalf of the City by the Evaluation Team. The Evaluation Team may consult with differents including City staff members, th ird base party consultants and references, as the Evaluation Team may in its discretion decide is required.The Evaluation Team will give a written recommendation for the selection of a preferent Proponent or Preferred Proponents to the City. 3 Evaluation Criteria The Evaluation Team will compare and evaluate all Proposals to determine the Proponents strength and ability to provide the Services in order to determine the Proposal which is most advantageous to the City, using the following criteria 1 Experience, Reputation and Resources The Evaluation Team will consider the Proponents responses to items in C-2 of ScheduleC including supplementary information.3 Technical The Evaluation Team will consider the Proponents responses to items (i) to (vii) in C-3 of ScheduleC. 5 Financial The Evaluation Team will consider the Proponents response to C-4 of ScheduleC. (d)Statement of Departures The Evaluation Team will consider the Proponents response to C-1 of ScheduleC. The Evaluation Team w ill not be limited to the criteria referred to above, and the Evaluation Team may consider other criteria that the team identifies as relevant during the evaluation process.The Evaluation Team may apply the evaluation criteria on a comparative basis, evaluating the Proposals by comparing one Proponents Proposal to another Proponents Proposal. All criteria considered will be applied evenly and fairly to all Proposals. 4 Discrepancies in Proponents Financial Proposal If there are any obvious discrepancies, errors or omissions in C-4 of a Proposal (Proponents Financial Proposal), then the City shall be entitled to make obvious corrections, but only if, and to the extent, the corrections are apparent from the Proposal as submitted, and in particular(a)if there is a discrepancy between a unit price and the extended total, then the unit prices shall be deemed to be correct, and corresponding corrections will be made to the extended totals (b)if a unit price has been given but the corresp onding extended total has been omitted, then the extended total will be compute from the unit price and the estimated quantity (c)if an extended total has been given but the corresponding unit price has been omitted, then the unit price will be calculated from the extended total and the estimated quantity.6 Litigation In addition to any other provision of this RFP, the City may, in its absolute discretion, reject a Proposal if the Proponent, or any officer or director of the Proponent submitting the Proposal, is or has been engaged directly or indirectly in a legal action against the City, its elected or appointed officers, representatives or employees in relation to any matter.In determining whether or not to reject a Proposal under this section, the City will consider whether the litigation is deally to affect the Proponents ability to work with the City, its consultants and representatives and whether the Citys experience with the Proponent indicates that there is a risk the Ci ty will incur increased staff and legal costs in the administration of the Contract if it is awarded to the Proponent. 8 special Information.The Evaluation Team may, at its discretion, request clarifications or additional information from a Proponent with respect to any Proposal, and the Evaluation Team may make such requests only to selected Proponents. The Evaluation Team may consider such clarifications or additional information in evaluating a Proposal. 10 Interviews The Evaluation Team may, at its discretion, may invite some or all of the Proponents to appear before the Evaluation Team to provide clarifications of their Proposals. In such event, the Evaluation Team will be entitled to consider the answers received in evaluating Proposals.12 Multiple Preferred Proponents and Changes to the Proponent Team The City reserves the right and discretion to divide up the Services, either by scope, geographic area, or other basis as the City may decide, and to select one or more Preferr ed Proponents to enter into discussions with the City for one or more Contracts to perform a portion or portions of the Services. If the City exercises its discretion to divide up the Services, the City will do so reasonably having regard for the RFP and the basis of Proposals.Likewise, the City reserves the right to ask for changes in the member/s comprising the Proponent Team as it deems beneficial to the overall composition of the Team and without any obligation to justify its preference. In addition to any other provision of this RFP, Proposals may be evaluated on the basis of advantages and disadvantages to the City that might result or be achieved from the City dividing up the Services and entering into one or more Contracts with one or more Proponents.NOT APPLICABLE 14 Negotiation of Contract and Award If the City selects a Preferred Proponent, then it may (a)enter into a Contract with the Preferred Proponent or (b)enter into discussions with the Preferred Proponent to clarif y any outstanding issues and attempt to final examize the terms of the Contract, including financial terms. If discussions are fortunate, the City and the Preferred Proponent will finalize the Contract or.(c)if at any time the City reasonably forms the opinion that a mutually acceptable agreement is not likely to be reached within a reasonable time, give the Preferred Proponent written notice to terminate discussions, in which event the City may then either open discussions with another Proponent or terminate this RFP and retain or obtain the Services in some other manner. popular Conditions 2 No City Obligation.This RFP is not a tender and does not commit the City in any way to select a Preferred Proponent, or to proceed to negotiations for a Contract, or to award any Contract, and the City reserves the complete right to at any time reject all Proposals, and to terminate this RFP process. 4 Proponents Expenses Proponents are solely responsible for their own expenses in preparing, and submitting Proposals, and for any meetings, negotiations or discussions with the City or its representatives and consultants, relating to or arising from this RFP.The City and its representatives, agents, consultants and advisors will not be liable to any Proponent for any claims, whether for costs, expenses, losses or damages, or loss of anticipated profits, or for any other matter whatsoever, incurred by the Proponent in preparing and submitting a Proposal, or participating in negotiations for a Contract, or other activity related to or arising out of this RFP. 6 No ContractBy submitting a Proposal and participating in the process as outlined in this RFP, Proponents expressly agree that no contract of any kind is formed under, or arises from, this RFP, prior to the signing of a formal written Contract. 7 Conflict of Interest A Proponent shall disclose in its Proposal any actual or potential conflicts of interest and existing business relationships it may have with the City, it s elected or appointed officials or employees. The City may rely on such disclosure. 8 Solicitation of Council Members and City Staff.Proponents and their agents will not contact any member of the City Council or City staff with respect to this RFP, other than the City Representative named in section1. 8, at any time prior to the award of a contract or the termination of this RFP. 10 Confidentiality All submissions become the property of the City and will not be returned to the Proponent. All submissions will be held in confidence by the City unless otherwise required by law. Proponents should be aware the City is a public body defined by and render to the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act of British Columbia. Schedule A.SERVICES 1. GENERAL This RFP is inviting potential Proponents to submit Proposals to act as the renter and sole vendor for a proposed coffee shop (the Coffee Shop) at the Surrey City Centre depository depository library (the computer programme library), currently being constructed at 10350 University Drive, Surrey, BC. The roaring Proponent will be responsible for the managing and daily service of the Coffee Shop set(p) on the ground floor of the library. There will be an luck for the successful Proponent to provide catering for meetings and other similar functions, although it is not mandatory for the client to use the Coffee Shop for catering.2. BACKGROUND As part of the Surrey City Centre plan review and update, the Surrey City Council has approved the construction of a peeled 5-level library. While the project is currently in the endeavor phase, construction has get offd due to the fast track nature of the project. Currently excavation is complete on the basement and the ground floor slab and reinforcement is being set. It will be poured by Friday June 18, 2010. The Library is conveniently located near bus loops, transit and SkyTrain. The Library will eventually become part of a pith where community celebrations will take place.Once completed it will be Surreys largest library at 75,000 square feet. The Citys new Library will be a unique state of the art environmentally friendly landmark that provides access to the broadest range of information, learning opportunities, and diverse cultural experiences. The new Library will be The centrepiece for Surreys City Centre adorned in architectural excellence for the 21st century, the library will play to the vitality of the city and put Surrey in a class with other great cities.A foundation for the Citys futurity success by boosting economic and cultural activity and attracting visitors from all parts of the country. A source of pride and a great public space, where the community gathers to celebrate, reflect, connect and share information, companionship and culture. 3. PROJECT GOAL The goal of this project is to identify a coffee and related nutrition services operator for the Library. 4. THE COFFEE SHOP An exciting opportunity exists on the ground floor to operate a commercial Coffee Shop. The Coffee Shop is located in a high traffic area, between the two main entrances, elevators and new book viewing.The licence awarded to the successful Proponent would also include a seating area where customers put up sit. The consumption of food within the Library itself is allowed. There are several meeting rooms and a large room which can host community events, along with young areas, study areas, childrens areas and much more. It is also expected that the Library will be utilised by SFU students on a constant basis. 5. LIBRARY HOURS Library opening hours are Monday to Friday930am 900pm Saturday1000am 500pm Sunday 100pm 500pm 6.2009 PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC The following figures represent the estimated visits at all the public library branches for 2009. BRANCH VISITORS Cloverdale 163,605 Fleetwood 262,717 Guildford 582,361 Newton 357,045 Ocean Park 193,167 Port Kells 7,410 Semiahmoo 305,162 Strawberry Hill 357,166 Whalley 276,406 It is estimated that traffic for the Library will mirror that of the Whalley branch, and is expected to increase due to the phylogenesis taking place in the area. 7. EXPECTATIONS OF THE SUCCESSFUL PROPONENTThe City would require the successful Proponent to offer a variety of food and beverage choices that include healthy and nutritious options for all customers, many of whom are school-aged children. The Surrey Public Library Board has approved the policy (policy 3. 8 Healthy Food Options) that the Library provides a healthy food option for programs, special events and contests. No alcohol is to be allowed. There is to be no food smell generation if preparation is required and there is to be no electric grinding (e. g. coffee beans) on the Coffee Shop floor due to noise levels.All grinding can be done in the storage room, manually or prior to Library opening hours. Loading of stock for the Coffee Shop can be done via the west entrance of the ground floor or via the elevators from the underground parkade. Persons meeting in the conference rooms are permitted to cater from external companies although there is the opportunity for the successful Proponent to cater these functions if prior arrangements are made between the two parties. The opening date for the Coffee Shop is yet to be determined, however, it is expected to be up and running by early summertime of 2011.The Coffee Shop is expected to be operational during Library opening hours. Opening times for the Coffee Shop are to be from the Librarys opening time to half an hour prior to the Librarys closing. The successful Proponent would be able to enter the building half an hour prior to the Librarys opening time. The successful Proponent is to supply any equipment needed for the Coffee Shop to function including, but not limited to, coffee machines, refrigerator, signage, counter cooler case, etc. All business licences and food permits are the responsibility of the Proponent.8. SUCCESSFU L PROPONENTS WORK RESPONSIBILITIES a) Should there be any structural changes which have been reviewed and approved by the City prior to the functioning of such changes, the live is to supply all tenant improvement plans signed and sealed by professional engineers or architects to be approved by the City. b) The tenant is to provide evidence of insurance for the Citys approval as specified in the License Agreement (refer to Schedule B License Agreement).c) The tenant is expected to supply all equipment needed to sufficiently run the coffee shop including, but not limited to, coffee machines and espresso equipment, undercounter refrigerators, shelving in the storage room, display cooler case, paper towel dispenser, milk cooler, microwave, cash register and trash bins. 9. COLD DRINK BEVERAGES The City has an agreement with The Pepsi Bottling Group (Canada), Co. (Pepsi), for the exclusive supply of frozen drink beverages for all City facilities, including the Library. Therefore, the successful Proponent is to work directly with Pepsi for the supply of cold drink beverages, including Carbonated soft drinks Teas other than fresh brewed Juices. Juice-based products Lemonade Isotonics Sports drinks might drinks Bottled water Excluded Beverages Milk Flavoured milk Cold coffee Branded or unbranded fresh brewed coffee or tea Hot chocolate unbranded fresh squeezed juices Smoothies and milkshakes The agreement with Pepsi is to expire in 2011. 10. SNACK FOODS The City has an agreement with Ryan Company Ltd. (Ryan Vending), for the exclusive supply of a healthier snack foods program and vending services for all City facilities, including the Library. Therefore, the successful Proponent is to work directly with Ryan Vending for the supply of snack foods.11. CITY RESPONSIBILITIES The City is to complete the indorse land, as set out in Schedule B, in a good and workmanlike manner, at the Citys cost, using new materials and to the following extent a) Interi or wall taped and sanded drywall to code, painted white b) Ceiling is to be painted concrete c) The floor will be finished with a rubber covering d) Counter tops on the horizontal front counter is to be a white laminate e) The upright piano section of the counters shall be an eastside Coast maple f) The counter at the sanction of the shop floor containing the sink, and the backsplash, is to be white Coriang) There will be an apple ply edging where the vertical edge of the counters meets the horizontal at the front counter h) There is to be recessed lighting fixtures above the back counter, surface mounted fixture on painted concrete ceiling to light signage and wit and pendant fixtures at the front counter i) All signage, including Menu board, must be approved by the City and the design team (Bing Thom Architects). The preferred signage for the Coffee Shop is electric flat screens, however, the design team is open to ideas regarding electronic signage from Proponents.This will h ave no impact on the evaluation of the Proponent Proposal j) The City will provide the main sink and handwash sink located in the back counter k) A 25mm house servant hot and cold water line with backflow preventor will be installed for refrigerator and coffee machine and l) A 20mm domestic hot and cold water pipe and a 40mm sanitary drain will be installed for each of the two (2) sinks. term The Proponent will provide the Services set out in this ScheduleA and A-1 for a term not to exceed five classs (including renewal) commencing in the early Summer of 2011 (the Term).A. The Licensor is the owner of those lands and premises located at 10350 University Blvd within the City of Surrey, Province of British Columbia, and more particularly known and described as dowery Identifier 028-179-951 Parcel 1 Section 27 Block 5 N Range 2 West New Westminster District Plan BCP44240 (the Lands) on which is located theCity Centre Library. B. The Licensee wishes to obtain from the Licensor a licen ce to use those portions of the building located on the Lands as follows 1. sphere of influence A Concession and Storage Room ( attest field of battle A) which area is approximately 141. 9 sq. ft. and shown on the plan attached hereto as Schedule A and 2. Area B seat Area ( demonstrate Area B) as shown on the plan attached hereto as Schedule A (collectively the license Area) C. The Licensee intends to use the Licence Area for the retail sale of coffee, tea, and other products as outlined in this Licence. D. Licence Area A shall be for the exclusive use of the Licensee, and Licence AreaB shall be for the non-exclusive use of the Licensee.NOW THEREFORE in consideration of the sum of ONE DOLLAR gainful by each of the parties to each other and other good and valuable consideration (the receipt and sufficiency of which each party hereby acknowledges) the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows 1. In this License the parties agree that (a)Additional necessitateal means the moneys coverable hereafter, together with all other sums of money, whether or not designated as Additional Rental, to be paid by the Licensee whether to the Licensor or otherwise under this License save and except Minimum Rental and Percentage Rental (b)Commencement Date of Term means ______________, 2011(c)Gross revenue means the entire amount of the sales price, whether wholesale or retail, for cash, reference point, or otherwise of all sales of merchandise and services, and all other receipts and receivables whatsoever of all business conducted at, in, upon, or from the Licence Area, including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, receipts and receivables in respect of any sale effected by the Licensee using any computer.Electronic, telephone, internet, or like system, where the Product is sent via the Licence Area or by the Licensee directly to a consumer, orders taken at or received at the Licence Area, although such orders may be filled elsewhere by the Licensee, dep osits not refunded to customers, the selling price of make certificates, charges to customers in the nature of interest or carrying or financing charges, sums, and assurances received, and settlement of claims for loss of or damage to goods.No deductions shall be allowed for uncollected or uncollectible credit accounts. There shall not be included in Gross Revenue (i)any sums shown separately from the price and collected and paid out for any direct retail sales tax imposed by any duly constituted governmental authority (ii)the exchange of goods and merchandise between the stores of the Licensee, if any, where such exchange of goods or merchandise is made solely for the convenient operation of the business of the Licensee and not for the purpose of consummating a sale which has previously been made or agreed to be made at, in, from, or upon the Licence Area or for the purpose of depriving the Licensor of the benefit of a sale which otherwise would be made at, in, from, or upon the Licence Area(iii)the Licensees original cost of returns to suppliers or to manufacturers (iv)the amount of merchandise sold when such merchandise is thereafter returned by the purchaser and accepted by the Licensee, and a complete credit is given to the purchaser and (v)the selling price of gift or merchandise certificates or coupons sold other than from the Licence Area, provided that such gift or merchandise certificates or coupons shall be included in the calculation of Gross Revenue at the time of their redemption.(vi)Each sale upon an installment or credit basis shall be treated as a sale for the full price in the month in which that sale is made regardless of the time when the Licensee receives payment, whether full or partial, from its customer (d)Lands means as hereinbefore defined in recital A (e)Licence Year means a 12-month blockage commencing with the first day of January in one calendar year and ending on the last day of December of that year, providing that the first Licence Year shall commence on the Commencement Date of Term and end on the last day of December next following and the last Licence Year shall end on the last day of the Term and commence on the first day of January preceding that date (f)Licence Area means Licence Area A and Licence Area B(g)Licence Area A means those portions of the building located on the Lands shown highlighted in pink and marked as Area A. Concession and Area A Storage room, which area is approximately 141. 9 sq. ft. (h)Licence Area B means those portions of the building located on the Lands shown highlighted in yellow and marked as Area B. Seating Area (i)Minimum Rental means the minimum annual rental reserved hereunder payable by the Licensee (j)Product means coffee, tea, soft drinks, juices, pastries, sandwiches and related items as specified in the menu attached as Schedule C which menu may be amended from time to time with the agreement of the Licensor and the Licensee(k)Percentage Rental means the perce ntage rental reserved hereunder and payable by the Licensee (l)Real Property Taxes means all taxes, rates and assessments, whether general or specially levied or assessed for municipal, school, general or any other purposes by any lawful government authority payable by the Landlord in respect of the Demised Premises and shall include any other taxes payable by the Landlord which in the future are levied in lieu of or in addition to such taxes, rates and assessments the whole as finally determined for each calendar year as a result of assessment, appeal or judicial review, and shall include any legal fees, or appraisers fees incurred by the Landlord in respect of such final determination.(m)Rental means Additional Rental, Percentage Rental, if any, and Minimum Rental and (n)Term means _______ (__) years commencing on the Commencement Date of the Term and ending on the _____ day of ________, 20__. 2. The Licensor hereby grants to the Licensee a licence to occupy and use Licence Area A on an exclusive basis and Licence Area B on a non-exclusive basis commencing on the Commencement Date of Term for Term unless sooner terminated as hereinafter provided. 3. To use Licence Area for the retail sale of the Products and to use Licence Area B to provide a seating area for the benefit of visitors to and staff of the City Centre Library and for no other purpose during the Term. 4.The Licensor covenants and agrees to pay to the Licensor, in lawful money of Canada, on the days and at the times hereinafter specified, Rental which shall include the congeries of the sums required to be paid (a)Minimum Rental and Percentage Rental The Tenant shall pay the greater of (i).Minimum Rental of $________ per month commencing on the Commencement Date of Term and the 1st day of each and every month thereafter throughout the Term or (ii)the Percentage Rental which shall be ___% of Gross Revenue per Licence Year (b)Additional Rental Any sums, costs, expenses or other amounts from time to time due and payable by the Tenant to the Landlord or to any third persons under the provisions of this Licence, including, without limitation, all amounts payable under Section 4.3 and Article 5 and all amounts payable by the Tenant by way of indemnity, whether expressed in this Licence to be Basic Rent or Additional Rent or not shall be treated and deemed to be Rent and the Landlord shall have all remedies for the collection of such sums, costs, expenses or other amounts, when in arrears, as are available to the Landlord for collection of Rent in arrears.The Licensee shall also pay for (i)the removal of garbage generated by the Licencee to the main garbage receptacle, cleaning of spills and pick up of litter in Licence Area B, and any other like service rendered to the Licence Area for the benefit of the Licensee and paid by the Licensor. (ii)the amount of Real Property Taxes applicable to the Licence Area in every Licence Year during the Term or any renewal thereof as and when pr escribed by the Landlord.

Calcium Absorption Essay

In order to determine the content of calcium and magnesium in an unknown sample of limestone, the use of goods and services of atomic absorption spectrophotometry can help in deciphering the unknown concentrations of each molecule in the limestone sample. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, emits radiation of the correct frequency that is passed by means of a flame and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured?. The calcium concentration or ppm can be measured using the absorbance of the solution and examine it to a standard curve for calcium?. Whereas magnesium, needs to be determined using the standard addition method.The concentrations of each respective molecule can be presented as CaO and MgO percentages of the unknown limestone sample. Materials and Methods The compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3, CAS 471-34-1, 204. 89ppm) was utilise to compare its absorbance to the unknown sample of limestone 8066 on the standard curve. Moreover, magnesium sulfate heptahydrat e (MgSO4*7H2O, CAS 10034-99-8, 40. 8ppm) was also utilized to compare its absorbance against that of the unknown. Lab personnel from the CSU Eastbay department of chemistry stockroom performed all calibrations on the Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 300 atomic absorption spectrometer.All chemicals used in this experimentation were obtained from the CSU Eastbay department of chemistry stockroom. A Denver Instrument Co. Sargent-Welch analytical balance was used to determine the mass of the unknown, mass of calcium carbonate, and mass of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. A Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 300 atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with a Lumina Calcium and Magnesium Lamp was used to determine the absorbance. The instrument used Argon and acetylene as the carrier gas and oxidant gas, respectively.

Network Design in Supply Chain

18. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin MANUFACTURER OR DISTRIBUTOR retentivity WITH CUSTOMER tear-me-up 18. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin MANUFACTURER OR DISTRIBUTOR STORAGE WITH CUSTOMER PICKUP ? Inventory is stored at the distributor or manufacturer ? Orders are shipped to designated pick-me-up points where customers come and pick up their gild 18. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin MANUFACTURER OR DISTRIBUTOR STORAGE WITH CUSTOMER PICKUP ? salute factors ? Inventory is low, aggregation at the manufacturer or distributor ? Transportation is lowest when using package carrier referable to aggregation at pickup locations Facility and handling facility costs are high if pick-up location does not exist already. Handling costs at pickup locations are high. ? Information system More elaborative and sophisticated, extra system at the pickup locations. ? Service factors ? Response times comparable to delivery with package carriers ? client experience worse since customer has to pickup the item himself. On the oth er hand, since customer do not need to wait at space for delivery and customer wad pay cash at the pickup location instead of paying online in advance, some customers may uniform pickup option better. Time to market is similar to other options with manufacturer storage ? Order visibility is very important. Customers should be informed when their orders arrive. ? Returns are easier to handle at pickup location. Returns tush be aggregated and shipped back from pickup locations. 18. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin RETAIL STORAGE WITH CUSTOMER PICKUPS ? Inventories are stored in retail stores, customers walk into the store to pick the items they want or items they have ordered online or by phone. Mixed order placement options. Most traditional option. 8. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin RETAIL STORAGE WITH CUSTOMER PICKUPS ? Cost Factors ? Inventory costs are higher than other options as the inventories are disaggregated and held locally ? Transportation costs are lower than other solutions. Inexpensi ve modes can be used to replenish inventories at retail outlets. ? Facility costs are high. Many local facilities. ? Information system Minimal if there is no online ordering option. For online option more complex information system especially for order visibility. ? Service Factors Response times are very good. Same twenty-four hour period pickup for most products. ? Product shape is lower than other options. ? Product availability is costly to keep high. ? Customer experience depends on if the customer likes to ca-ca or not. ? Time to market is highest. ? Order visibility is important if online ordering is allowed. ? Returns can be handled at the stores easily. 18. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin E-BUSINESS AND THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ? Impact of E-Business on Customer Service ? Response time For product that can be downloaded very fast.For physical products takes longer to fulfill an order than regular retail stores. ? Product variety easier to offer variety than brick-and-mortar stor e. (Amazon imagine the retail store with the same variety offered by Amazon) ? Product availability Better information gathering and forecasting. Better mach among put up and demand, improved product availability. ? Customer experience ? ? ? Access 24 hour access. Geographically eliminating the access limits. Customization customization of product and shopping experience. Dell, Amazon displays related products) gadget Making the purchase at where you are.. Increased speed of conducting business. (e. g. Use of previous data for address info) ? Time to market Fast. A new product can be made available as soon as a the first unit is ready. Dell exploits this feature. ? Order visibility Critical to provide. Internet makes this happen. ? Returnability Harder discommode compared to traditional stores since items are sent from a central location usually. More returns with online purchases. 18. 12. 2011Fusun Ulengin E-BUSINESS AND THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ? Impact of E-Business on Custo mer Service ? Other benefits of e-business ? ? ? 18. 12. 2011 raise revenues for manufacturers by eliminating intermediaries and having direct contact with customer. Dell v. s. HP. Flexible pricing, promotion and product portfolio ? Airline last-minute low cost seat, Dells ability of active pricing depending on the component availability and demand. Efficient fund transfers Quicker and cheaper. Fusun Ulengin E-BUSINESS AND THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK Impact of E-Business on Cost ? Inventory Better mach of supply and demand, geographical aggregation lowers inventories. Ability of postponement also helps reducing inventory costs. ? Facilities and Handling ? ? ? ? Less and centralized facilities, fewer intermediaries lower facility cost. E-business can shrivel up the handling costs in order fulfillment by having the customer do some part of the process, e. g. checking product availability, entering details of the order. Smoothing the rate of order fulfillment, thus reducing the resourc e requirements.Unlike the retail stores orders dont have to be processed as soon as they arrive. On the downside, for some products like groceries, an e-business has to carry out some tasks currently performed by the customers at retail stores. E. g. Picking the items customer wants and carrying home. ? Transportation Usually higher cost due to increase outbound transportation costs. For downloadable products, significantly less transportation cost. ? Information Shared demand information, better coordination and collaboration reduces the overall supply chain costs.The cost of reach up the information system required can be significant. 18. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin E-BUSINESS AND THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ? The value that e-business brings is not the same in every industry. ? Dell a success story while Webvan is a failure ? E-business-Scorecard can be used to help decide if e- business is appropriate for your business, how it effects your distribution profit in costs and customer ser vices. ? All the costs and customer service factors are given a integer score from +2 (very positive) to -2(very negative) 18. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin

Business books have changed Essay

One of the to a greater extent concrete evidences that business enterprisees have castrated is the way business books were written. Authors of books update themselves on current business trends, and often include new knowledge that can help the businessmen improve their craft and industries. The latest addition to business books by the turn of the twentieth century is the wide discussion of engine room and technical innovations. This aimed at educating then-businessmen about the digital renewal who, chances are, have not been formally trained yet on the new innovations. (Craiger JP 2006).This change in business books directly affects the way in which business people served their workplaces. They were refreshed and fed with new information that helped them go a step higher into their management. In turn, they helped move up the companies which they serve. The generation of new information enforced an equally new generation of managers, employees, and business movers that changed the face of businesses. Cost- cleverness surface the way for technology Another change in formations brought about by technology is in the financial aspect.Businesses started to adopt newer technology and bought sophisticated machines beca using up it lowered toil costs. Computers, for one, are so effective and efficient that it allowed computation, clerical work, bookkeeping, and other functions to be make by one mortalthe computer operatorwhich proved to be more cost-effective rather than hiring three or more persons to manually do the work separately. (Craiger JP 2006) This is true even if in fact computers, when the digital revolution is sightly starting, costs thousands or even hundreds of thousands for companies to invest on.Companies were thinking long-term. Comparisons between paying different people for different jobs or paying one person to operate a machine which can do different jobs proved that the latter leave benefit the organizations more. Despite the high cos ts the promise of productivity, accuracy, and efficiency was too hard for capitalists to resist, plus the fact that the use of technology brings prestige to the company. Thus, technology and business became an inseparable pair. More sensitivity to customers Different organizations receive and use technology differently.For news organizations such as the CNN, technology is widely of the essence than anything else. But the use of technology in CNN is not a corporate decisiveness alone. As successful media outfits would say, it is still consumer-dependent after all. Because consumers want to get services conveniently, in a way that is readily accessible to them, organizations like CNN subscribe to technological innovations that answer these consumer calls. There is the technology of television, radio, print materials, internet, and even podcasting. These embrace to technology for an industry as middle-aged as news is not surprising.The news world, just like any other organizations, is growing more competitive, and companies will need to leverage on these new forms of get in touch and connecting with the customers, or they will simply lose them. (DAgostino D, 2006) The interactivity of organizations also gave gubbins to customers, and allowed companies to get to know their clients more. Feedback has never been easier. Today, a company can give a telephone number, a toll-free number, an email address, or a fax number to encourage customers to tell them what they think about their product or service.More so, companies can accept orders for their products or inquiries for their services through these innovations as well. The convenience that this brought about is far from the snail-mail feedback system that companies used to have in the pre-digital revolution era. This shows one character change in organizations. Today, companies are more sensitive to the needs and wants of consumers than ever before. With the fast pace in which customers are keeping up with techn ology, businesses are also on the slant to match the speed and not be left behind.In turn, technology also helped company respond to consumer needs and wants more easily. If customers wanted the convenience of getting news from their palm pilots RSS is right at their service. Similarly, when they want information from a product, service, or company without leaving the house, an internet connection is all they need and when an organization can deliver to this convenience issue they can assure themselves that they are on the right track. Convenience through connectivityTechnology is not only for the advance organizations. Even charitable organizations are being benefited by the advent of modern tools and know-how, albeit in simpler ways than their bigger counterparts. Computers and other simple technology allowed charitable institutions to supervise donors, donations, receipt issuances, and find support communities and common causes because of the connectivity that technology bring s. (United Press International, 2005) Connectivity also changed the way in which companies and employees communicate.While the isolation of computers and computer operators posed a enigma at the onset of technology in companies, the advent of networking allowed for people to get connected and work as teams more easily. Local area networking and internet connectivity allowed for more convenient sharing of information, files, and discussion of projects regardless of their location and time. (Craiger JP 2006) Computer-based trainings also allowed trainers and trainees to undergo sessions without time or geographical constraints.By use of technology in trainings, employees old and new alike are also encouraged subliminally to devote time for learning technological skills to be more productive in their work. (Craiger JP 2006) Another convenience brought about by technology to organizations is the possibility of telecommuting. Thanks to computers and the internet, one can now work from home or from a different location. This also allowed telecommuting employees to go about their other tasks while performing work-related duties, without the time and geographical constraints that normal office work can entail.Work teams One important change that technology brought about is the highlight given on work teams. The connectivity caused by technology allowed employees to exchange and merge ideas, bringing in better ideas that are products of brainstorming. obscure from the benefit it brings to the company, teamwork also encourages goodwill and camaraderie among employees, encouraging them to set themselves into a single goal and work together to achieve this goal for the organization. (Craiger JP 2006) As technology allowed work teams it also allowed for a check and balance in the output of workers.Because employees can give access to their work for others, the time-consuming and money-wasting overlapping and repetitions in jobs done were lessened and even eliminated, sa ving more resources for employees to devote to other tasks. As an example, in a workplace where there is no technological connectivity one employee-member of a team may have started encoding a document only to find out that another member has already encoded it. This scenario becomes rather unlikely when a company has a structured network where employees can check with files and other employees about work that needs to be done, and those that has already been done.This, in turn, benefited the company more than anything else. The highlight given by technology to the importance of teamwork created a realization for many employees. When on the onset of introducing technology in business the problem was the isolation of the relatively few people who can operate the machines and the isolation of the files in separately stationed machines, networking opened a new frontier where ease of work and interpersonal communication became possible.

Scalar Vector

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with eon. Velocity is a vector physical quantity both order and direction are required to define it. The length of an imaginary straight path, typically distinct from the path actually traveled by P. Distance is a numerical description of how far apart objects are. In physics or everyday usage, distance may refer to a physical length, or an estimation Time in physics is defined by its measurement Formula Acceleration= change in velocity / time intervalAverage velocity= displacement/time Oz (square root of) squared plus y squared D=ext X=d/t Units The gal, sometimes called Galileo, (symbol Gal) The SSL unit of speed and velocity is the ratio of both -? the mutterer blink of an eye. The standard unit of displacement in the International System Of Units ( SSL ) is the meter (m). Meter (m) In the International System of Units (SSL), the unit of time is the second (symbol Examples At an amusement park, when you ride a reallocates is star ts slowly, then faster, then slows down again.If you walk to a campsite 1 mile away and then shit to your start point within 1 hour Your average speed would be total distance/time = 2 miles/ 1 hour or 2 miles per hour How far does the earth travel in one year? In terms of distance, quite far (the circumference of the earths orbit is or so one trillion meters), but in terms of displacement, not far at all (zero, actually). At the end of a years time the earth is even out back where it started from. It hasnt gone anywhere.

Soft Thinking and Intellectual Capital

drawframe University of Glamorgan MSc International Logistics and assault Programme/Strategic Procurement instruction STRATEGY AS PRACTICE batty Systems Thinking and able jacket crown Assignment 1 *Student No *08193738 Assignment escort 5 April 2009 *Submission Date* 15 May 2009 Module Lecturer Paul Davis Word Count* * *2,* 600 Critically evaluate the mapping that Soft Systems mentation sub construct play in promoting organisations knowing Capital.To evaluate the benefits of Soft Systems Thinking (SST) in promoting an organisational intellectual with child(p) letter it is necessary to understand the concept of Soft Systems Methodology and how this methodology tin be dod to foster teamwork, communities of practice and affectionate learning, and whether these learning outcomes adds noesis to employees, and leads to correctd professional practice and efficacy. So what price do you put on learning and as an intangible summation does it postulate to be deliberate to promote Intellectual Capital (IC) to support the effective delivery of strategic goals by charge focus activities and processes.Andriessen (2004). Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) advocated by Checkland and Scholes (1990) is a methodology found on applying outlines persuasion to non system situations. It is a holistic expression of dealing not with the trouble only the situation in where in that location ar social, political and world activities Checkland and Scholes (1990). As opposed to hard system methodologies, which can be quantified, handbilld and are technology orientated. Soft Systems studys a multitude of actors through a process of a divided out problem appreciation.Learning just about the problem, then formulating a root definition of interrelated systems, these examine the human relationships of the applicable subsystem which are the stakeholders, such as customers, employees, the world pile (weltanschauungen) and the management who are all active in the system and take collective action to improve the situation Checkland (1981) Senge (1990) also describes systems thinking as having five learning disciplines, private mastery, me_ntal models, shared vision, team learning, and the overarching discipline of systems thinking. Therefore, overstuffed systems thinking is a tool that helps in the solving of problems involving human activities where the outcome is learning. Soft systems thinking can enable subjective perceptions of problems and potential solutions. Checkland and Scholes (1990). There are a number of antithetical issues and approaches that can be used to develop a framework for the application of systems thinking for promoting the intellectual capital of any organisation.Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) advocated by Checkland and Scholes (1990) helps to achieve a clearer understanding of organisational issues and problem situations, as it approaches issues holistically. System thinking is a discipline for seeking wholes, re cognizing patterns and interrelationships, and learning how to structure those relationships in a more effective and efficient way Senge and Lannon-Kim (1991. Therefore, managers having a range of skills and noesis can add honor to any improvement initiative. Rose and Haynes (2001) developed and used the methodology in a number of settings in the NHS and Iles and Sunderland (2001) cited the potential of SSM as an aid to implementing organisational change initiatives at Kings College Hospital London. (Iles and Sunderland, 200135) Soft systems thinking can help organisations to develop upstart perspectives, as it accounts for factors that otherwise would be ignored.A human natural action system, can compliment strategic frameworks, such as the Balance Scorecard to co-ordinate business activities and improve internal and external communications. Kaplan and Norton (1992) However, humans view problems differently because they come from different backgrounds, and have different ethni cal roots, experience, and education, and as a subsystem, different personalities and philosophies to life.Therefore if a group of managers at different management levels and different departments are all winding in a complex problem situation, SST maybe an magnificent tool to work a conceptual understanding of a problem, but it does not represent the tangible world, but by using system rules and principles it allows thinking to be structured, to develop roughly models, and the situation can be expressed as a rich picture Checkland, (1981) Checkland and Scholes (1990) Although, Checkland (1999) contrasts with the emphasis on reductionists thinking on obvious problems with definite solutions.People interpret problem situations from particular standpoints and in legal injury of distinctive interests. wad and quills (1995) speaks about complex discursive networks challenging the understanding of systems, problems and solutions to problems. This system of relationships between p eople, activities, and the world is defined by Lave and Wenger (1991), as a Community of Practice, (CoP) which develops over time and in relation to other interchange and overlapping communities of practice and is a fundamental condition for the existence of intimacy.The approach focuses on the social synergistic dimensions of situated learning. As people in the group interact with each other, establishing a relationship through interchangeable engagement and a sense of joint enterprise. Wenger (2000) describes three modes of belonging to a social learning system, as engagement, imagination and alignment. These cannot be formed, but have to evolve overtime, as new members join and others leave. So how can organisations identical the NHS establish communities of practice?Brown and Duguid (2001a) suggests managers can seek to structure spontaneity, structuring fragmented practice across the organisation, they can encourage alignments of changing practices between communities th ereby assisting the counterchange of familiarity across the organisation. (Brown and Duguid 2001a). An equally beta view has emerged under the banner of the knowledge-based view of the firm (Grant 1996), emphasises the necessity of organisations to develop and make growing the knowledge and learning capabilities of employees through knowledge gaining, knowledge sharing, and knowledge transfer, to achieve competitive advantage.To take it shape up Lave and Wenger (1991) saw the gaining of knowledge as a social process, in which people participated in communal learning, but at different levels depending on their authority in the group. It is the shared commitment that binds the members of the CoP in a single social entity, and although members of the CoP build up tangible communal resources, such as written files, procedures, processes and policies, (hard knowledge) intangible resources are also be built up such as experiences rituals and idioms (soft knowledge).Hildreth and Kim ble (2002) argued that the underlying problems of managing this knowledge was that fellowship Management (KM) failed to recognise that knowledge it ego consists of both hard and soft knowledge, a lot like the Chinese concepts of Yin and Yan and are mutually interdependent. Knowledge by itself produces nothing solitary(prenominal) when it is integrated into a caper does knowledge benefit society. (Drucker 1992) Hislop (2004) examined three cases studies of CoPs in large European organisations and concluded that only one was successful in sharing knowledge between communities. The other two failed to do so because they did not share the same identity. So it could be concluded that although CoPs are self controlled and self directed, and maybe of range to the business organisation, the actual benefit and contribution to the organisation could also be uncertain.Maybe, because group solidarity in human communities, is often at the price of hostility/non-cooperation towards non-grou p members. There appears to be a natural human inclination for dividing the world into friends and enemies that is the basis of all politics. (Fukuyama, 1995) So knowledge maybe personified tacitly in the experiences of a confederacy of practitioners in an organisation or explicitly in the written files, but Knowledge Management (KM) is a critical task for any organisation.Reducing tacit knowledge into add up the organisation stands to lose money, although knowledge can be safely stored on computer systems the actual value could be lost if an employee leaves with the tacit knowledge on how to use the explicit knowledge. Employee retention/turnover is important as downsizing and retirement can cause a loss of shared knowledge and knowledge could be transferred to competitors and be damaging to an organisations competitive advantage. (Stovel and Bontis (2002).Stovel and Bontis (2002) also advocate that productivity leave behind drop for a time due to the learning curve involved a s new employees gain the knowledge of the tasks involved and understands and learns from the organisational culture. Information and data can be stored but it is not until it has been processed in the minds of an individual and is communicated to others does it induce knowledge (Alavi and Leidener 2001) so to make tacit knowledge explicit, there has to be knowledge transfer.Knowledge transfer within and between organisations is not a one-way activity, but a process of trial and error, feedback, and mutual adjustment of both the source and the recipient (Von Krogh, 2003 373). There have been a number of studies which have shown that some of the benefits of knowledge sharing/transfer can help solve problems and increase performance, adaptation, collaboration and innovation. (Constant, Sproull and Kiesler, 1996 Brown and Duguid, 2000).However, there is a great deal of literature on knowledge management and innumerable definitions of knowledge and what knowledge is, Blackler (1995) des cribes knowledge as multifaceted and complex, being both situated and abstract, implicit and explicit, distributed and individual, physical and mental, developing and static, verbal and encoded. While Fowler and Prykes (2003) views the more human atom of knowledge as much the perception arising from selective information and refracted through the individuals personal lens.Whereas, Knowledge Management Systems refers to information systems, particularly with the use of technology, which is adopted and designed to support employees, there is an emerging awareness that there is a social element to the area of knowledge management, which focuses on a more human centred approach, as a means of managing knowledge in organisations (Hildreth et el 1999) It is now recognised that the performance of any organisation, private and public is very much dependent upon the knowledge of the employees.But, it is the social element or the concept of social capital and its role in knowledge manageme nt for developing and gaining competitive advantage, and more broadly intellectual capital (IC) popularised by Stewart in Fortune magazine (1994) which has relational elements and comprises of human capital, structural capital, and organisational capital (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997 Stewart, 1997 Sveiby, 1997 Guthrie and Petty, 2000) and is viewed also as being primeval to the sustainability of competitive advantage.Edvinson and Malone (1997) defined human_ capital_ as the value of everything that leaves the company at five p. m. That is to say that only the shared knowledge assets or the _structural _capital only remains, when employees walk out through the door. mixer capital can be defined as a set of informal values or norms shared among members of a group that permits them to cooperate with one another. If members of the group come to expect that others will behave reliably and honestly, then they will come to trust one another.Trust acts like a lubricant that makes any group or organisation run more efficiently. (Fukuyama, 1999, p16) With trust and the co-operation in groups and the social interactions based on informal communication, the building of networks can have sparing benefits, with the creation of business opportunities through networking as trust reduces the costs of contracts and healthy actions and shared values can make negotiations more successful. Social capital may also create business opportunities by facilitating and exchanging semi confidential information and mutual ncouragement. (Glaser, Edward L. , Laibson, David, and Sacerdote, Bruce 2002), Intellectual Capital is the intangible economic value of organisational capital (structures, processes and culture) and human capital (skills, behaviour and knowledge) and it is the intangible asset of knowledge that is now being added to the classical production factors of land labour and capital. Growth and innovation are now relying on the intellectual capital /knowledge of an organisat ion, and how it uses the knowledge to compete in the market (Kim and Mauborgine (1999).The field of intellectual capital stems from the need of organisations to have to quantify assets. So efficient management of intellectual capital is directly linked to mensuration and valuation (Andrieseen 2004) and has necessitated the introduction of reporting and valuations models for IC (Liebowitz and Suen 2000) and as the literature suggest the most popular measure of IC is the difference between the market value and the book value of a knowledge based firm (Brennan and Connell 2000. ) According to (Tuban and Aronson 2001) Knowledge is critically important because as an asset it appreciates rather than depreciates.Knowledge increases so intellectual capital is going to improve. So by using systems thinking to promote Intellectual Capital could be a powerful approach for understanding the nature of problems situations and the way they are dealt with and how to go about improving results. Th e key benefit of the system is that it involves seeing the whole picture and creates insights to problems and can nurture the way that communities of practice can co-operate and learn through shared knowledge and experiences.System thinking is not an roaring approach as it requires a substantial investment of effort, and thought, though the results can be more than expense the investment. Central to these ideas is that intellectual capital is embedded in both people and systems. The stock of human capital consists of humans (the knowledge skills and abilities of people) social (the valuable relationships among people) and organisational (the processes and routines within the firm) (Wright et al 2001716).But there are criticisms of Soft Thinks Thinking as the system is unable to deal with conflicting nature of social systems, and that it is a conceptual methodology and does not represent the real world, and the methodology implies that actors in a situation have the license to ins tigate change and that conflict does exist but the methodology relies on compromise. Douglas and MacGregor 1960 in his book forgiving side of Enterprise maintained that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Many managers tend towards possibleness x, and generally get poor results.Enlightened managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Which demonstrates that you cant legislate for human behaviour and those humans also by nature can be territorial and will protect their domain, by advocating knowledge is power. Lave and Wenger (1991) fail to search the implications of the distribution of power when discussing CoP and Marshall and Rollinson (2004) suggests that Lave and Wenger ( 1991) discussions of meaning can be misinterpreted as excessively quiescent and consensual while in reality such activities are plagued by misunderstanding and disagreements.Without trust the members of the conjunction of practice may be reluctant to share knowledge, and may become static in terms of their knowledge base be resistant to change. There are limitations to the communities of practice but, its does allow the means to explore the transfer of tacit knowledge management tools focused on the codification of knowledge. But a community of practice is one of a number of knowledge management tools, and different organisations require different tools. another(prenominal) tools maybe needed to be developed to manage tacit knowledge as from the critic that soft thinking systems may not always be appropriate as a knowledge management tool. References Alavi, M. and D. Leidner 2001 Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues MIS Quarterly 25(1) 107-136 Andriessen, D. (2004). IC valuation and measurement classifying the state of the art. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 5, 230-242. Blacker F (1995) Knowledge, Knowledge work and organisations An overv iew and interpretation, Organisation Studies 16 (6) Bontis, N. 1998). Intellectual capital an exploratory study that develops measures and models. Management Decision, 36, 63-76. Bontis, N. (2002). Managing organizational knowledge by diagnosing intellectual capital inclose and advancing the state of the field. ?n Nick Bontis (? d. ), World Congress on Intellectual Capital readings (13-56). Woburn, MA Butterworth-Heinemann. Bontis, N. , Dragonetti, N. C. , Jacobsen, K. & Roos, G. (1999). The knowledge toolbox A review of the tools available to measure and manage intangible Resources. European Management Journal, 17, 391-402.Brennan, N. and Connell, B. (2000) Intellectual capital current issues and policy implications, _Journal of Intellectual capital_, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp206-240. Brooking, A. (1996). Intellectual capital Core asset for the third millennium enterprise. London International Thomson Business Press. Brown J S and Duguid P (2000a) twist and Spontaneity knowledge and orga nisation In Nonaka, I and Teece D (Eds) Managing Industrial Knowledge London Sage, 44-67. Checkland, Peter B. , 1981. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons.Checkland, Peter B. , and Jim Scholes, 1990. Soft Systems Methodology in Action. Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons Constant, D. , Sproull L. , and Kiesler, S. (1996). The kindness of strangers The usefulness of electronic rachitic ties for technical advice. Organization Science, 7(2) 119-135. Drucker P F (1992). The New Society of Organisations 70(5)95-104 Edvinsson, L. (1997). Developing intellectual capital at Skandia. Long Range Planning, 30, 366-373. Edvinsson, L. and Malone, M. S. (1997), Intellectual Capital, Piatkus, London. Edvinsson, L. & Sullivan, P. (1996).Developing a model for managing intellectual capital. European Management Journal, 14, 356-364. Eisenhardt, K. M. and Santos, F. M. (2002) Knowledge-based view a new theory of strategy? in Pettigrew, A. (Ed. ), Handbook of Strategy and Management, London, Sage, pp. 138-64. Fukuyama, F (1991) The Great flap p16 New York Simon and Shuster Fukuyama, F (1995) Trust The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York Free Press, 1995), chapter 9. Glaser, Edward L. , Laibson, David, and Sacerdote, Bruce (2002), An Economic Approach to Social Capital, Nov. 112, pp 437-458 Grant, R.M. 1996. Towards a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17 (Winter Special Issue), 108-122. Hildreth P and Kimble C (2002) The Duality of Knowledge Information Research 8(1) paper no 142 Hildreth P Wright P and Kimble C (1999) Knowledge management are we missing something? Information Systems The Next Generation. Hislop D (2004) The Paradox of Communities of Practice Knowledge Sharing between Communities. Guthrie, J. and Petty, R. (2000), Intellectual capital Australian annual reporting practices. Journal of Intellectual Capital, vol. no. 3, pp. 241-251. Handy, C. B. (1989). The age of unreason. London arrow Books Ltd. Iles V and Sutherlandk K (2001) Organisational Change A Review of Health Care Managers, Professionals and Researchers, National Coordination Centre for NHS go Delivery and Organisation R and D London. Kaplan, R. S. & Norton, D. P. (1992). The Balanced Scorecard measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review, January-February, 71-79. Kim, W. C. & Mauborgne, R. (1999), Strategy, value innovation, and the knowledge economy, Sloan Management Review Spring, 4153.Lave J and Wenger E (1991) Situated Learning true(a) Peripheral Participation Cambridge University Press Liebowitz, J. & Suen, C. (2000). Developing knowledge metrics for measuring. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1, 54-67. Rose J and Haynes M (2001) A Soft Systems Approach to the Evaluation of Complex Interventions in the Public Sector, Manchester Metropolitan University Press. Senge, P (1990) The Fifth Discipline The Art and Practice of the Learning Organisation, Doubleday New York 1990. Senge, P. & Lannon-Kim, C. (1991). Recapturing the spirit of learning through a systems approach.Stewart, T. A. (1997), _Intellectual Capital The New Wealth of _Organizations, Doubleday/Currency, New York, NY. Sveiby, K. E. (1997), The_ New Organizational Wealth Managing and Measuring_ Knowledge-based Assets, Berrett-Kohler, San Francisco, CA. Krogh von, G. 2003. Knowledge Sharing and the common Resource. In M. Easterby-Smith and M. Lyles, A. (Ed. ), Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management 372-392. Malden, Oxford, Melbourne, Berlin Blackwell Publishing. Mulgan G (2002) Policy-Making in the global Commons Connect No 5 pp 6-18 Centre for Management and Policy Studies.

Main Currents of Spanish Thought

Among the deep thinkers that contributed to the changes that had taken place in Spain during the last ten dollar bill of the 1800s was Jose Ortega Gasset (883-1955). He is one of the most serious Spanish thinkers whose writings examined the manifestations of culture revealing the intimate depths of individualistic and social human conformation. Ortegas contribution was in the area of education, as he believes that if one does not educate for the city, a person cannot be brought to plenitude, and that the school tends to operate on preterit principles, when it should educate from the hold for the future (Palmer, Bresler, & Cooper, p. 244)However, during the last decade of the 1800s in Spain, the Spanish society has been divided by a extensive debate that raged in 1890s up to early 1900s between the conservative traditional politicians who were asserting that Spain was a global power and had essential role to play in the world, and the so called liberal or maybe the enlightened politicians who argued that the reality was that Spain during this time was a sinking ship.According to an internet article entitled Spain, the unfading Maja Goya, Majismo, and the Reinvention of the Spanish National Identity, the debate served as a wakeup call for many Spanish intellectuals to fare up with a win-win solution not only to the debate but also to the real condition of the Spanish nation, which was already two decades behind powerful countries such as France, Germany, and England.Among these intellectuals was Miguel de Unamuno who emphasized that it is only by opening windows to European winds, saturating themselves with European ambience, having confidence that they will not lose their identity in so doing would make them catch up with the advancement made such nations (Internet article). Along with otherwise intellectuals such as Jose Martinez Ruiz also known as Azurin and Granados, they were able to urge the Spanish intellectual society.Views of the Authors in th eir attempt to let go Spain into a Modern NationThe famous writers and authors during the Enlightenment period in Spain such as Giner de los Rios, nonsuch Ganivet and Joaquin Costa were known as the generation of 1898. Their contribution started upon realizing their countrys weakening condition due(p) to defeats in wars against the United States of America and the lost of treasured colonies such as the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Cuba. During their respective periods they tried to revolutionize the intellectual society as well as to redeem the prominence their country once enjoyed. want Jose Ortega Gasset, Ginner Delos Rios also saw the importance of education to be able to transform itself and to cope up with unfluctuating industrializing European nations. Being highly educated, he was well versed in many branches of knowledge, Ginner Delos Rios followed education as a very important instrument in regenerating the Spanish society he believed that reforms were not estab lished by laws but by teachers and professors. Delos Rios views held that teachers and educators were responsible in framing the new generations educational set and understanding. I believe that his views are timely and appropriate to the present condition of Spain.Ganivet was no doubt a great writer and essayist. His views was reflective of the neat condition of Spain, where in he calls Spains past as an error, a departure from its true nature. Ganivet believed that Spain must wake up from its present slump and fulfill its true mission to hold up birth to a great nation and culture. No doubt Ganivets view was really interesting however, his poor interpersonal relationship seemed to have put his ideas on the shelves at least(prenominal) during his own time. Joaquin Costa (18441911) on the other hand descended from a politicians family and was one of generation 1898. Costas view of the condition of Spain however, was that the country needs national regeneration. Costa depicts unb elief to the leadership of those in governments in running the affair of the state.How did they see Spain, and how did each think Spain should be changed to become a modern country. all(prenominal) of these authors viewed Spain during this period as weakening and being slowly left behind by other European countries. Both Delos Rios and Ortega emphasized on the need of education for every individual, while Ganivet saw Spain as deficient regeneration. Perhaps what he meant was that the present generations were failure. The hope of the new of the Nation lies in the new generation.What did these men give to the Spanish SocietyThese men in the first place were able to give the society excellent ideas on how the society can rise up from where it was at present. They provided a new avenue by which the government can start a new in bringing back the country in line with other advanced nations in Europe. The most particular was the ideas of Miguel de Unamuno to open the countrye windows to other European countries and be satisfy with fresh wind of information and knowledge coming from those countries. They also provided important educational guidelines that would help keep up standards of learning for every individual.Berrio, J. R. Ftancisco delos Rios (1839-1915)http//www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/ginerPalmer, J., Bresler, L., & Cooper, D.E. (2001) Fifty Major Thinkers on program line From Confucius to Dewey. UK Routledge

Scarcity and Opportunity Cost of Being a Student

EMatthew Aqui Econ 131-Online Steve Moody 2 November 2012 Scarcity and fortune court of Being a Student Scarcity and opportunity cost is some social occasion that the entire human population faces every day. Without scarceness, opportunity cost would cease to exist and the choices that race go awaying befuddle to benefit will continuously be easy because there would be no grueling decisions or trade- aways. It is something that impacts society today because the choices that people make will be based on what they need or want.Whatever they choose to do, they will dedicate an opportunity cost. Human needs will everlastingly be unlimited but the resources needed to hurt those needs will always remain limited. But what exactly is scarcity and opportunity cost? firstly off, scarcity is an economical problem in which people who will always have unlimited wants and needs, will also face a limited amount of resources. Scarcity is something connected to all economical decisions because it is a worldwide problem. People have to make hard choices to limit what to fetch and what to discard.This is where opportunity cost comes in. Opportunity cost is the next best choice that he or she decides not to do because of a fall in choice. It is something that people give up to get something else that they want even more. From what great deal be said of scarcity and opportunity cost, both fit in very substantially together. Scarcity forces people to make furrowed decisions on limited resources which lead to opportunity cost. Decision making will always be hard when people cannot always have what they want.Because resources atomic number 18 scarce, people will most likely choose the thing in which they need more. For example, if the price of a PC and a flat-screen HD TV were both on sales, people would have a choice of buying either one. If a person has enough notes for lonesome(prenominal) one, that person has to make a tough decision. If he or she chooses t o buy the PC because it was the better ersatz due to productivity and daily natural coverings, then the opportunity cost of buying the PC is to not receive the TV and lose the chance to buy the TV at a lower price.In addition, my personal application of scarcity and opportunity cost is something I can relate to especially as a school-age child in college. College is very expensive especially with the cost rising. But I choose to go to college because of the benefits it provides for me for the future(a) such as receiving a college degree to find a job. My other choice is to not go to school but to start working already. I can save up on money I do not have at the moment and use it to either live off of or save up for college later on. I could also choose to go to school and to work.The benefits are really great by getting an education and to also have an income. The costs to it is that I have to sacrifice other things such as having a recreational time with friends and family in order to make time for both school and work. At this point, I choose to go to school because I sense that getting an education early and going into the work force as soon as realistic is my best option. If I were to work now and not go to school, I would have to wait sooner I can get my degree and wait even longer before I can find a job in my major.I feel that by only going to school, I will have more time to study which will benefit me even more by doing well in school. I would have less things to worry about. Scarcity is something that everyone is going to face in their lives whether its important or recreational. Sometimes we have to sacrifice certain things to gain the most out of something. We cannot always have everything that we want so we use the concept of an opportunity cost to help us decide which choice is the better one. One way to narrow down our opportunity cost to look at the things we want and the things that we need now.

Palliative Care Nursing

Introduction lenitive is a sup placement of heraldic bearing that provides coordinated health check service to patients with progressive incurable diseases.The allied health service is proactive and seeks to improve the lives of individuals that argon faced with feel history threatening diseases and their families. Dying and death be part of flavor and as such moderating c ar offers the patients a holistic caution service that complicates social, psychological and spectral headache (1, p.33). Therefore moderating tuition aims at ensuring that the patients and their families lead the take up spirit of life without having to be stressed about their condition. This essay takes a critical look at the philosophy and principles of palliative care and how they apply in nursing care.Discussion on the StatementThe philosophical statement given by the World Health Organisation on palliative care is directed at ensuring that the patients set about the beat out flavour of lif e even when they have terminal illnesses. alleviator care is extended to the family of the patients to project that they abide to lead normal lives despite the challenges caused by the terminal diseases. In the past, patients with terminal illnesses were seen as sufferers and with the continual progression of the disease, care was focused was on lessening the pain for the dying patients. However, with the development of palliative care, the dying patients are no longer seen as sufferers but as other normal patients and are given specialized care from designated professionals (5, p. 23). These professionals maintain humaneness as a core value and must respect the law with regards to the patients and their families and include them in all key decisions.The care is comprehensively provided to manage physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs of the patients and their families. mitigatory care is governed by principles that govern its practice. In the nursing profession, the nurses affirm life and regard dying as a normal suffice. This is a message that is communicated to both the patients and their families to help them accept the harsh reality of life. chat is an primary(prenominal) part of the process and as such the nurses are required to communicate with the patients and their families in the best possible manner. The nurses are required not to hasten or postpone the death of the ailing patients. They are instead required to relieve the patients from pain and distress to ensure that they improve the patients quality of life.Principles of Palliative superintend in nursingPalliative care is governed by some core principles that the professionals resembling nurses, doctors, counsellors and social workers are supposed to adhere to. This section takes a critical look at the principles of palliative care as they apply to the palliative care of patients and families in nursing care. Successful incorporation of palliative care in nursing practice is not a function of complex specialist environments, medical interventions or availability of drugs and disciplines (3, p54). The principles highlighted here apply to nurses working in any environment where they encounter the dying. The principles are discussed under the following themesEmphasis on the quality of lifePalliative care should be centred on the quality of life of the patients and their families. The nurses are required to encourage the patients and their families and help them focus on the quality of the life of the patient and not the number of days left to live. Quality of life is defined differently aiming on the patient and the disease. The nurses improve the quality of life of the patient by managing the distressing symptoms in ramble to positively impact the course of the illness. The nursing palliative care team should help the patients and their families enjoy their lives to the maximum plot of ground facing the complex medical conditions (10, p. 74). Commu nication plays an integral part in the nursing palliative care and as such the nurses are required to continually speak with the patients and their families about their wishes, desires and what quality of life federal agency to them (6, p. 63). The communication on quality of life should start early in the course of the illness when the erstwhile(a) members of the family are able to contribute before they get stressed and start making immediate decisions. The strain on quality of life improves steering of symptoms and communication between the nurses and the family.Patient and family are the focus of careThis is a core principle that cuts across all settings because the patients and their families are the unit of care, not the disease (2, p. 77). Palliative care addresses the meaning of suffering, life, death and disease within the context of each family unit. It recognises the fact that all family members pass on be part of the disease process and as such their views and indiv idual care designings must be taken into account in the palliative care.Symptom ManagementThe nurses are required to assess and pass over symptoms using the least invasive ways that will not cause more distress than the accredited symptom (7, p. 80). Interdisciplinary collaboration, frequent assessment, communication and appropriate management are important concepts of symptom management in palliative care. Symptom management should always be the start of diagnosis in patients with life threatening diseases or those that are potentially life threatening. This should be continued throughout the treatment process in order to improve the patients quality of life (3, p. 87).Communication and Decision reservationCommunication with the patients and family should be done clearly, collaboratively and compassionately in order to improve the patients quality of life (8, p. 81). Communication with the patients and family is important as it ensures that the family and patients are consisten tly updated on the course of the disease and treatment. The patients and their families depend on frequent, consistent communication on sensitive and difficult information and may at multiplication need repetition of facts. The communication should be both ways as the nurses should listen to the views of the patients and their families in order to be able to provide care that suits their needs in all ways including culturally and spiritually (11, p. 101). It also allows the family members to reveal more about the patient as this information may be utilitarian in the treatment process depending on the disease.Recommendations for Palliative Nursing CareAs already indicated primitively in the discussion, it is not easy to fully implement the principles of palliative nursing care. However, nurses should try hard to ensure that these principles are fully implemented in nursing care. Palliative care can be win incorporatedd through good hospital practice with nurses spending more time w ith the patients and their families to discuss and plan care within a multidisciplinary team framework (4, p. 15). The nurses should pursue a partnership approach and arrest good use of open and honest communication with the patients, relatives and the health team. Such ideology is important in nursing philosophy of individualised care that embraces a holistic approach and active patient interlocking in care (9, p. 71). The nurses should reintegrate palliative care into the culture of the hospitals. This reintegration into the hospital culture will be helpful to the patients particularly those with terminal illnesses. This is very critical because nurses are often at the forefront of superior general delivery of palliative care within the hospital. They are very well placed and should use their position to help uncover better ways of improving the quality of care to the patients and their families. Lastly, the nurses should receive palliative care education to ensure that they ar e equipped with the knowledge and management skills necessary for dealing with patients and their relatives as they have diverse personalities, cultures and beliefs.ConclusionPalliative care is very important to the patients and their families particularly those with terminal illnesses. This essay has explored the philosophy and principles of palliative care in nursing and has concluded by making recommendations on how hospitals can incorporate it within their cultures. For effective effectuation of palliative care in nursing, the nurses need to be well educated on palliative care and how to conduct it in order to minimise misunderstands between them and the patients and their relatives. Proper implementation and execution of palliative care is important in improving the quality of lives of the patients and their families, especially those with terminal or potentially terminal illnesses. Therefore nurses should engage the patients and their relatives in all key decisions to ensure that they get as much information from them in time before the levels of stress get high. Such information is important and can be used in providing individualised care to the patients.ReferencesAitken, Sandra. Community Palliative Care The purpose of the Clinical Nurse Specialist. Chichester John Wiley & Sons, 2009.Bern-Klug, Mercedes. Transforming Palliative Care in Nursing Homes The Social Work Role. raw York Columbia University Press, 2010.Byrne, Judi. Palliative Care in Neurological Disease A Team Approach. Oxford Radcliffe Pub, 2009.Foyle, Lorna, and Janis Hostad. Illuminating the mixed bag of Cancer and Palliative Care Education Sharing Good Practice. Oxford Radcliffe Pub, 2010.Lugton, Jean, and Rosemary McIntyre. Palliative Care The Nursing Role. Edinburgh Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone, 2005.Matzo, Marianne, and Deborah Witt Sherman. Palliative Care Nursing Quality Care to the End of Life. New York Springer Pub. Co, 2010.Payne, Sheila, Jane Seymour, and Christine Inglet on. Palliative Care Nursing Principles and Evidence for Practice.Maidenhead, Berkshire, England Open University Press, 2004.Payne, Sheila, Jane Seymour, and Christine Ingleton. Palliative Care Nursing Principles and Evidence for Practice.Maidenhead Open University Press, 2008.Perrin, Kathleen Ouimet. Palliative Care Nursing Caring for Suffering Patients. Sudbury, MA Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2012.Pfund, Rita. Palliative Care Nursing of Children and junior People. Oxford Radcliffe, 2007.Stevens, Elaine, Susan Jackson, and Stuart Milligan. Palliative Nursing Across the Spectrum of Care. Chichester John Wiley & Sons, 2009